"Not that many years ago, a lot of middle-class Americans felt as if they had built a close and personal relationship with Mr. or Ms. Economy (depending on your gender preference).
The rules of the relationship were clear: Get skills and training, and after spending young adulthood sampling jobs, buckle down to a long-term career choice. Borrow heavily to buy a house early in life, and then benefit from rising house prices. Save for the long term by putting money in the stock market.
Do these things, the understanding was, and the Economy would reciprocate -- with rising income, reasonable job security and a comfortable retirement.
Of course, no long-term relationship is perfect. The Economy might occasionally lash out: perhaps with a dot-com boom, followed by a stock market crash, a recession and higher unemployment. Many of us misbehaved in this relationship, too. Sometimes we ran bloated credit cards bills and didn't save the way we should have. Yet even in the hard times, this relationship was supposed to be long-term.
But in this grim and prolonged aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009 -- some economists are calling it the Long Slump -- millions of Americans are feeling that they have been dumped by the economy."
The rules of the relationship were clear: Get skills and training, and after spending young adulthood sampling jobs, buckle down to a long-term career choice. Borrow heavily to buy a house early in life, and then benefit from rising house prices. Save for the long term by putting money in the stock market.
Do these things, the understanding was, and the Economy would reciprocate -- with rising income, reasonable job security and a comfortable retirement.
Of course, no long-term relationship is perfect. The Economy might occasionally lash out: perhaps with a dot-com boom, followed by a stock market crash, a recession and higher unemployment. Many of us misbehaved in this relationship, too. Sometimes we ran bloated credit cards bills and didn't save the way we should have. Yet even in the hard times, this relationship was supposed to be long-term.
But in this grim and prolonged aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009 -- some economists are calling it the Long Slump -- millions of Americans are feeling that they have been dumped by the economy."
The economy is like a bad marriage
- Article by: TIMOTHY TAYLOR
Not that many years ago, a lot of middle-class Americans felt as if they had built a close and personal relationship with Mr. or Ms. Economy (depending on your gender preference).
The rules of the relationship were clear: Get skills and training, and after spending young adulthood sampling jobs, buckle down to a long-term career choice. Borrow heavily to buy a house early in life, and then benefit from rising house prices. Save for the long term by putting money in the stock market. Do these things, the understanding was, and the Economy would reciprocate -- with rising income, reasonable job security and a comfortable retirement.
Of course, no long-term relationship is perfect. The Economy might occasionally lash out: perhaps with a dot-com boom, followed by a stock market crash, a recession and higher unemployment. Many of us misbehaved in this relationship, too. Sometimes we ran bloated credit cards bills and didn't save the way we should have.
Yet even in the hard times, this relationship was supposed to be long-term. But in this grim and prolonged aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009 -- some economists are calling it the Long Slump -- millions of Americans are feeling that they have been dumped by the economy.
A national CNBC survey in late June found that 63 percent of Americans are pessimistic about both the current and future state of the economy and its future, while only 6 percent are optimistic about both. The stock market swoon of that began in late July, fueled by grim economic signs and the floundering attempts of our political system to head off a national debt crisis, have further shaken many Americans' confidence in their long-term prospects.
Getting dumped -- whether by the Economy or an actual person -- brings a sad parade of disappointed expectations. After it has happened, it doesn't mend a broken heart when you recognize that you never should have believed some of the promises you thought you heard.
As housing prices skyrocketed in the mid-2000s, rising by more than 10 percent per year for several years, no one actually promised the trend would last forever. Still, it has been stunning to watch as the total value of real estate owned by U.S. households dropped by $6.3 trillion over the last five years -- from $22.7 trillion in 2006 to $16.4 trillion by the end of 2010, according to Federal Reserve data. Even worse, back in 2006, 56 percent of the value of real estate was owners' equity; by the end of 2010, only 39 percent was owner's equity.
No one actually promised that unemployment would stay low forever. But the spikes in the unemployment rate from recessions had been falling, from 10 percent in the recession of 1982, to not quite 8 percent after the recession of 1991, to 6.3 percent after the recession of 2001. This time, unemployment went over 8 percent in February 2009 and probably won't get back below that level until 2012. In 2010, 43 percent of the unemployed had been without jobs for more than 26 weeks -- by far the highest level since the Great Depression.
Those who trusted their long-term retirement savings to the stock market have been running in mud. The Standard and Poor's 500 index, for example, was 1,427 in 2000 but recently has been hovering around 1,200. All the economic news sounds grim. Gas prices, though moderating lately, recently flirted with $4 per gallon. Food prices are up: A ton of hard red winter wheat was selling for $182 in May 2010 and $354 in May 2011.
Since early 2009, the Federal Reserve created money to buy $1.1 trillion in U.S. Treasury securities and another $900 billion in mortgage-backed securities, presumably because it was concerned that no one else was going to buy them. Many pension funds don't have enough money to cover the promises they have made; neither do Social Security or Medicare.
After being dumped, mood swings follow. This relationship is actually a love/hate triangle -- us, the Economy and Government. For some, Economy is the deceiver who trifled with our affections and betrayed us, and Government is the new love. Others see Government as the troublemaker, and dear old Economy as a victim like the rest of us.
But we have met the Economy, and the Government, and it's all us. We all need this three-way relationship to work.
In the short term, the economy is struggling because too many households, companies and financial institutions borrowed far too much, and it takes years for an economy to work through the aftermath of a severe financial crisis. Forecasters like the Congressional Budget Office predict that unemployment rates won't fall back to the 5 percent range until 2016.
In the long term, the formula for economic growth is straightforward: It's an economy that invests in human capital, physical capital and innovation -- and which does so in the context of a decentralized, market-oriented environment that provides incentives and rewards for these activities. The U.S. economy faces severe challenges in all of these areas.
We aren't improving the skills of workers. A review of the education statistics by Nobel laureate economist James Heckman found that U.S. high school graduation rates peaked at about 80 percent in the late 1960s and have declined 4 to 5 percentage points since then. Too many undergraduate and graduate students are running up enormous debts without the career prospects to justify it. High unemployment means that many workers aren't building skills.
We aren't saving enough. The personal savings rate was about 10 percent of income in the 1970s and into the early 1980s, but over the last decade, despite a recent upward blip, it's typically been less than 5 percent of income. Meanwhile, Congressional Budget Office projections show total federal debt on a path to exceed 180 percent of GDP by 2035. That won't happen, because wary investors will stop buying government bonds before that level is reached.
Thus, when America's private sector firms look for financial capital to invest in plant and equipment, it's harder to find. With low private saving and high public borrowing, the U.S. economy is relying heavily on inflows of foreign financial capital, which won't continue forever. America's technological advantage remains substantial, but expertise of all kinds is going global.
In the end, economic growth can't be legislated or dictated; if it could be, the world would be a much richer place. A wise economist named Arnold Harberger once gave a speech asking whether economic growth was more like yeast or mushrooms. He answered "mushrooms." Harberger wrote: "[Y]east causes bread to expand very evenly, like a balloon being filled with air, while mushrooms have the habit of popping up, almost overnight, in a fashion that is not easy to predict."
Thus, the most important advice to the economically lovelorn is to work hard on fundamentals -- build education and skills, get our personal and government finances in order, focus on knowledge and innovation -- and then get out of the way and give those economic mushrooms a chance to sprout. As the quintessential noneconomist Kahlil Gibran famously wrote: "If you love somebody, let them go ..."
It's hard to watch an intimate partner like Economy going through such dreadful times. I feel especially for those near or just entering retirement, whose houses and retirement accounts are worth so much less than they'd expected, and for young people trying to start their careers in such a dismal labor market.
But with Economy, a true breakup is unthinkable. There's no realistic alternative to working patiently on the relationship.
Timothy Taylor is managing editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives, based at Macalester College in St. Paul. He blogs at conversableeconomist.blogspot.com.